V prvem delu razprave je precizirano, kdaj, kje in kako se je v francoski revoluciji uveljavila delitev na levico in desnico. Levica je definirana z delitvijo političnega prostora v nasprotni in izključujoči se entiteti, med katerima ni posredovanj. V drugem delu razprave je oblikovanje take delitve političnega prostora ponazorjeno z intervencijami Robespierra in Saint-Justa, Sieyé-sa ter Marxa in Engelsa. V sklepnem delu je delitev na levico in desnico interpretirana kot vzpostavitev nadzorovanja političnega prostora. Pozicija levice nima avtonomne identitete, predpostavlja fiksno (...) referenčno točko in implicira zunanjega opazovalca. Strukturno vsebuje pogoj možnosti za izrinjenje vesti z zavestjo in ločitev politike od morale. (shrink)

The verb “to conjure” is a complex one, for it includes in its standard definition a great range of possible actions or operations, not all of them equivalent, or even compatible. In its most common usage, “to conjure” means to perform an act of magic or to invoke a supernatural force, by casting a spell, say, or performing a particular ritual or rite. But “to conjure” is also to influence, to beg, to command or constrain, to charm, to bewitch, to (...) move or convey, to imagine, to visualize, to call to mind, or to remember. —Rachael DeLue 2012, para 1. When we create with our Brown hands, feminine energy, and full spirits, we conjure. To exist, survive, and thrive in these bodies is a continuous act of conjuring. Our walks conjure. Our smiles conjure. Our tears conjure. Our laughs conjure. Our words conjure. Our artworks are conjurings. We, a Black/Filipina-American woman, a Dominican-American, and a Black-American woman, are guided by our solidarity with one another and all other Black and Brown female identifying persons whose raced and gendered subjectivities exist both inside and outside of colonization, white supremacy, and patriarchy. We bring to life our colored imaginations and curiosities, and share them with the world. We are united by our need for safety, autonomy as beings, dissolution of trauma, and desire to ask, “What would happen if I…?” Imaginative, curious Women of Color (WoC) founded the underground railroad, guided captured Africans and Tainos to the mountains, ignited the Civil Rights Movement, organized laborers and immigrants, birthed the #BlackLivesMatter Movement, conceived the #MeToo Movement, and so much more. Like our kindred counterparts, we have an unrelenting urge to examine, question, wonder, desire, speak to, lead, be curious, and “conjure.” As practicing artists and art educators, our critical arts-based practices are grounded in intersectional feminisms like Womanism, Black Feminist Theory, and Chicana Feminist Theory, which allow us to do these very things. (shrink)

The verb “to conjure” is a complex one, for it includes in its standard definition a great range of possible actions or operations, not all of them equivalent, or even compatible. In its most common usage, “to conjure” means to perform an act of magic or to invoke a supernatural force, by casting a spell, say, or performing a particular ritual or rite. But “to conjure” is also to influence, to beg, to command or constrain, to charm, to bewitch, to (...) move or convey, to imagine, to visualize, to call to mind, or to remember. —Rachael DeLue 2012, para 1.When we create with our Brown hands, feminine energy, and full spirits, we conjure. To exist, survive, and thrive in these bodies is a continuous act of conjuring. Our walks conjure. Our smiles conjure. Our tears conjure. Our laughs conjure. Our words conjure. Our artworks are conjurings. We, a Black/Filipina-American woman, a Dominican-American, and a Black-American woman, are guided by our solidarity with one another and all other Black and Brown female identifying persons whose raced and gendered subjectivities exist both inside and outside of colonization, white supremacy, and patriarchy. We bring to life our colored imaginations and curiosities, and share them with the world. We are united by our need for safety, autonomy as beings, dissolution of trauma, and desire to ask, “What would happen if I…?” Imaginative, curious Women of Color founded the underground railroad, guided captured Africans and Tainos to the mountains, ignited the Civil Rights Movement, organized laborers and immigrants, birthed the #BlackLivesMatter Movement, conceived the #MeToo Movement, and so much more. Like our kindred counterparts, we have an unrelenting urge to examine, question, wonder, desire, speak to, lead, be curious, and “conjure.” As practicing artists and art educators, our critical arts-based practices are grounded in intersectional feminisms like Womanism, Black Feminist Theory, and Chicana Feminist Theory, which allow us to do these very things. (shrink)

Cervantesu antični klasiki niso bili tuji, z njimi se je seznanil v času šolanja in med bivanjem v Italiji. Da mu je bil klasični svet blizu, dokazuje z vpletanjem antičnih elementov, snovi in motivike. Huma­nistična nota v njegovem delu je najbolj opazna v nenehni obrambi svobode in človeškega dostojanstva oziroma vrednosti človeškega bitja samega po sebi v skladu z renesančnim konceptom človeka. Svoboda kot ključni pojem in temelj Cervantesove poetike navezuje njegov opus na renesančno tradicijo. Premiso o človekovi svobodi in (...) njeni temeljni vrednosti Cervantes izrazi na številnih mestih. Cervantesovo izrazito usmerjenost k svobodi in prežetost njegovega dela z njo pa je treba razumeti tudi skozi njegovo osebno izkušnjo in mučno ujetništvo v Alžiru, kjer je preživel pet let. Da bi preživel ter ohranil bistrost duha in razuma, je začel pisati. (shrink)

Tekst razčlenjuje specifiko mesta, na katerega je sam Kant postavil tretjo Kritiko in opozarja na nekatere paradokse, ki iz takšne umestitve izhajajo. V prvem delu je Kritika razsodnosti obtav-navana kot notranja meja na eni strani teoretične in na drugi strani praktične filozofije. V drugem delu gre za razčlembo specifičnega diskurza, ki ga Kant vpelje z govorom v modusu »als ob«. Tretji del pa izpostavlja nekatere paradokse Kantove teorije lepega.

Številka 45-46 revije Phainomena z naslovom „Evropsko sporazumevanje – filozofsko razumevanje združuje filozofsko refleksijo o evropskosti s hermenevtičnimi in fenomenološkimi študijami o temah, ki so temeljito opredelile evropski duh v prejšnjem stoletju. Na podlagi tega je mogoče oblikovati vprašanje o filozofsko smislu evropskosti danes in o možnosti prihodnjega evropskega sporazumevanja. Osnovo za to diskusijo najdemo v Husserlovem delu Kriza evropskih znanosti in transcendentalna fenomenologija. .The 45-46 issue of the philosophical journal Phainomena, “European Coming to an Understanding – Philosophical Understanding”, is (...) a collection of philosophical reflections on Europe introducing a number of hermeneutic and phenomenological studies of the topics which fundamentally determined the spirit of Europe of the 20th century. On this basis, it is possible to pose questions about the philosophical meaning of Europe today and of the possibility of the future European coming to an understanding. The fundamental work of this enterprise is Husserl’s work Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. (shrink)

Fenomenološki etos, po katerem je povzet naslov knjige, izhaja iz etične prenove v evropski filozofiji, ki se je začela na začetku 20. stoletja. Zasnoval ga je oče fenomenologije Edmund Husserl in se ob tem deloma navezal na Schelerjev koncept materialne etike, etike vrednot. Avtor v knjigi prikaže, kaj to pomeni na eni strani za etiko samo, na drugi strani pa za odnos med etičnostjo in religioznostjo. Celotno problematiko pa konkretizira z analizo in interpretacijo razmerja med kategoričnim imperativom in zlatim pravilom (...) kot najstarejšim moralnim pravilom vseh svetovnih civilizacij, tako da ga danes obravnavamo kot ključni element svetovnega etosa. V tem kontekstu sta prek Assmannovega in Girardovega tematiziranja krščanstva problematizirana tudi monoteistična ekskluzivnost in nasilnost. V sklepnem delu knjige je prikazan razvoj fenomenološkega etosa od Husserl prek Heideggerja in Levinasa do Derridaja in Mariona. Knjiga se sklene s predstavitvijo vloge in pomena fenomenološkega etosa v kontekstu globalne krize sodobnega sveta. (shrink)

Avtor skuša pokazati nezadostnost Althusserjevega pojma interpelacije in zagovarja psihoanalitični koncept subjekta. Ta subjekt vznika natanko tam, kjer interpelacija spodleti in temelji na delu ireduktibilne eksteriornosti v samem jedru konstruirane interiornosti, je ostanek, ki ne more preiti v simbolni red in ki je ne-zamisljiv znotraj althusserjanske perspektive. Avtor ilustrira svoje stališče z več zgledi, ki segajo od melodramatskih zapletov do funkcioniranja transfera v psihoanalizi in od heglovskega pojma duha do »stalinističnega načina subjektivacije«, in zaključuje, da je vsaka ideologija nemožno prizadevanje, (...) da bi se spoprijeli s tem ostankom in da bi združili interiorno in eksteriorno, da pa je njeno pravo gorivo — užitek, ki ga izmikajoče nudi ta ostanek — tudi njena eksplozivna moč. (shrink)

Članek obravnava Perelmanovo teorijo racionalne argumentacije z gledišča političnega diskurza in njegove vloge pri konstituciji skupnosti in njene identitete. V prvem delu analizirmo dve »formuli« komunikacije, kot ju ponujata politični diskurz in racionalna argumentacija, v luči pojmov homonimije in homologije, ki ju razumemo kot predpostavki za konsenz. V drugem delu pa obravnavamo etične in juridične implikacije Perelmanove konceptualizacije konsenza, pri čemer razkrijemo skrito platonovsko in aristotelovsko dediščino, ki postavi pod vprašaj Perelmanov poskus utemeljiti svojo »novo retoriko« v retorični in sofistični (...) tradiciji. (shrink)

Članek skuša ponazoriti zagato, ki jo za intepretaeijo Kantove filozofije kot razmejitvene geste predstavlja reč na sebi. Če namreč drži, da imamo v Kantovi filozofiji vselej opravka z razmejitvijo dveh področij in če drži, daje ta razmejitev, čeravno predpostavljena, šele vnazajšnji produkt, se zdi, da obstaja vsaj ena ločnica, vsaj en primer, kjer ta interpretacija ne drži - ločnica med pojavi in rečmi na sebi. Ta ločnica je paradoksna, kolikor prvi člen, pojav, za Kanta še zdaleč ni sporen, medtem ko (...) je drugi člen, reč na sebi, nekaj najbolj spornega v Kantovi filozofiji sploh. Kantove izjave o statusu reči na sebi močno variirajo, tako, daje mogoče reč na sebi razumeti na različne načine, izmed katerih pa nobeden ni združljiv s temeljnimi premisami Kantove teoretične filozofije in videti je, da je Kantu uspelo nastalo zagato razrešiti šele v svojem zadnjem, a neobjavljenem delu Opuspostumum. (shrink)

Précis for a book symposium, with contributions from Meg Wallace, Louis deRosset, and Chris Tillman and Joshua Spencer.

Članek obravnava pravno teorijo, ki je prisotna v končnem delu Vebrovega spisa Etika. Prvi poizkus eksaktne logike nagonske pameti. Veber se le mimogrede ukvarja s teorijo prava, vendar njegov prispevek ni zanemarljiv. Vebrova Etika je logika nagonske pameti: Veber, gledano iz čistega predmetnoteoretičnega vidika, ne sestavlja zbirke moralnih zapovedi, ampak namerava orisati najsplošnejša formalna načela, ki določajo pravilnost nagonskega doživetja. Tega, kaj mora posameznik narediti v danem trenutku, logika nagonske pameti ne more povedati, ker je le formalna veda. »Most« med (...) formalnim in materialnim pristopom nravnemu problemu Veber najde v glasu vesti, ki svetuje posamezniku, kaj naj naredi v konkretnem delovanju. V soglasju s tem mora biti državno pravo osnovano na načelih nagonske logike, ker bi bilo drugače brez vsake veljavnosti. Pravo velja, v kolikor je utemeljeno na logiki, ki orisuje imanentna načela človeške narave; cilj prava je pospeševanje čim bolj pravilnega življenja posameznikov in družbe. Z druge strani vsebina tega prava ni enkrat za vselej določena in napisana, ampak vsakič izhaja iz hermenevtike, ki jo posamezniki in družba morajo izvršiti o sebi in o svoji naravi. Etika »zdravega razuma« in »povprečnega človeka« je po Vebru najboljši model za materialno izpopolnenje formalne nagonske logike. (shrink)

From the author of Quantum Mechanics and Experience, a hugely influential book that challenged key assertions by Niels Bohr and other founders of quantum mechanics, A Guess at the Riddle provides a major metaphysical overhaul of one of physics' most intractable problems-the quest to bridge quantum and classical physics in order to understand the nature of reality.

Background Our objective was to evaluate whether the description of a machine learning (ML) app or brain imaging technology to predict the onset of schizophrenia or alcohol use disorder (AUD) influences healthcare professionals’ judgments of stigma, empathy, and compassion. Methods We randomized healthcare professionals (N = 310) to one vignette about a person whose clinician seeks to predict schizophrenia or an AUD, using a ML app, brain imaging, or a psychosocial assessment. Participants used scales to measure their judgments of stigma, (...) empathy, and compassion. Results Participants randomized to the ML vignette endorsed less anger and more fear relative to the psychosocial vignette, and the brain imaging vignette elicited higher pity ratings. The brain imaging and ML vignettes evoked lower personal responsibility judgments compared to the psychosocial vignette. Physicians and nurses reported less empathy than clinical psychologists. Conclusions The use of predictive technologies may reinforce essentialist views about mental health and substance use that may increase specific aspects of stigma and reduce others. (shrink)

BackgroundIn Saudi clinical settings, benevolent family care that reflects strongly held sociocultural values is commonly used to justify overriding respect for patient autonomy. Because the welfare of individuals is commonly regarded as inseparable from the welfare of their family as a whole, these values are widely believed to obligate the family to protect the welfare of its members by, for example, giving the family authority over what healthcare practitioners disclose to patients about their diagnoses and prognoses and preventing them from (...) making informed decisions about their healthcare.DiscussionFamily dominance over the healthcare decisions of competent patients is ethically problematic when the family prevent healthcare practitioners from disclosing diagnoses and prognoses to patients who have the capacity to consent and make decisions in their own best interests. Thus, the author holds that sociocultural values ought to be respected only when they do not prevent competent patients from knowing their diagnoses and prognoses or prevent them from making their own decisions.ConclusionHealthcare practitioners should not allow patients’ families to control what can or cannot be disclosed to competent patients. This is particularly important when patients are approaching death so that they may address their material and spiritual wishes—among other needs—as they prepare for death. Justification for this position is drawn from the Maqasid Al-Shariah-based Islamic bioethics approach, from which it is possible to argue that the harm of withholding diagnoses and prognoses from patients who are imminently dying outweighs the potential benefits. (shrink)

Research suggests that institutions affect the levels of corruption in a country. We take these arguments a step further and examine whether it is the presence of inclusive institutions and/or the credible and consistent implementation of institutions that matter, as regards corruption. We use a novel approach to theoretically conceptualise and empirically operationalise institutions along two analytically distinct dimensions: the nature of the institutions (the de jure dimension), and the extent to which they are credibly and consistently implemented over time (...) (the de facto dimension), using a panel dataset for 148 countries covering 2012 to 2018. We find that formal institutions are most effective in reducing corruption when the rules are credibly and consistently implemented. Furthermore, this effect appears to operate differently at different levels of national income. The nature of the formal institutions appears important across income levels, but particularly so at the upper middle income level, while the credible and consistent implementation of these institutions is primarily influential at upper middle income levels. We explain why this may be the case and elaborate on the policy implications. (shrink)

According to principles of modal security, evidence undermines a belief only when it calls into question certain purportedly important modal connections between one’s beliefs and the truth (e.g., safety or sensitivity). Justin Clarke-Doane and Dan Baras have advanced such principles with the aim of blocking evolutionary moral debunking arguments. We examine a variety of different principles of modal security, showing that some of these are too strong, failing to accommodate clear cases of undermining, while others are too weak, failing to (...) do their advertised work of blocking evolutionary moral debunking arguments. If there is a security principle that slips between the horns of this dilemma—one that is both viable and debunker-blocking—it remains to be formulated. (shrink)

A familiar criticism of bioethics charges it with being more conceptual than practical—having little application to the “real world.” In order to answer its critics and keep its feet on the ground, bioethics must utilize the social sciences more effectively. Empirical research can provide the bridge between conceiving a moral vision of a better world, and actually enacting it.

En este artículo se revisa el lugar que ocupa Eckhart en L’essence de la manifestation, a fin de establecer correspondencias y afini­dades entre el místico renano y la peculiar concepción que de la fenomenología sostiene Michel Henry. Se trata de analizar la es­trecha cercanía entre el alma humana y Dios postulada por Meister Eckhart y su vinculación con la conocida noción de Vida presente en el autor francés. Henry es proclive a fundar una filosofía primera asociada a la pura autoafección, (...) describiendo la Vida sea como pura inmanencia, sea como una ipseidad algo problemática. En general, el trabajo teórico de los representantes del “giro teológico de la fenomenología francesa” (Janicaud) cuestiona al sujeto clásico de la Modernidad, sin por eso traer a colación la causa de un Dios Revelado ni el que resulta de una teología natural. Este trabajo, en suma, no es el esfuerzo de pensar a un Dios confesional ni tiene un propósito evangélico. Lejos de ello, se trata de precisar el nexo entre Henry y Eckhart, puesto en escena por aquél, y si tal nexo es coherente con lo que Henry piensa acerca de un modo de manifestación que ya no implica distancia fenomenológica alguna: la manifestación del pathos de la Vida. (shrink)

In this paper, we designed and developed an intelligent tutoring system for teaching Photoshop. We designed the lessons, examples, and questions in a way to teach and evaluate student understanding of the material. Through the feedback provided by this tool, you can assess the student's understanding of the material, where there is a minimum overshoot questions stages, and if the student does not pass the level of questions he is asked to return the lesson and read it again. Eventually this (...) administration is a special teacher for the students and can continue with him until he fully understands the lesson without weariness or boredom, regardless of the level of student. (shrink)

Fictionalism is supposed to be motivated, at least in part, by its ability to undermine our ordinary grounds for believing in numbers and other contested entities. Eklund argues that a weaker and less controversial view, which he calls indifferentism, can do the job just as effectively. I will show that whether he’s right about this depends upon how we think about “our ordinary grounds”. If we think about our ordinary grounds as consisting in what people are pre-theoretically inclined to say (...) or believe, then he is exactly right. But if we think about our ordinary grounds as consisting in how things seem, then (contra Eklund) fictionalism does outperform indifferentism. (shrink)

Die Historische Kommission zu Berlin betreibt die Erforschung der Landesgeschichte und der Historischen Landeskunde Berlin-Brandenburgs bzw. Brandenburg-Preußens in Form von wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen, Vorträgen, Tagungen und Veröffentlichungen sowie durch Serviceleistungen. Dabei kooperiert die Kommission auch mit anderen Institutionen und begleitet wissenschaftliche und praktische Vorhaben von allgemeinem öffentlichen Interesse. In der Schriftenreihe werden die Ergebnisse der einzelnen wissenschaftlichen Projekte der Kommission veröffentlicht.

Kat Williams and Scott R. Stroud’s essay is about televised debates, but it is also about the value of television in a democracy. In Amusing Ourselves to Death, Neil Postman argues that television is devoid of serious content, that it is superficial. But while the debates contain superficialities, they also reveal substantive issues about the candidates, the electorate, and the state of our democracy.

This is the first study to compare the philosophical systems of secular scientific philosopher Mario Bunge (1919-2020), and Moroccan Islamic philosopher Taha Abd al-Rahman (b.1945). In their efforts to establish the philosophical underpinnings of an ideal modernity these two great thinkers speak to the same elements of the human condition, despite their opposing secular and religious worldviews. While the differences between Bunge’s critical-realist epistemology and materialist ontology on the one hand, and Taha’s spiritualist ontology and revelational-mystical epistemology on the other, (...) are fundamental, there is remarkable common ground between their scientific and Islamic versions of humanism. Both call for an ethics of prosperity combined with social justice, and both criticize postmodernism and religious conservatism. The aspiration of this book is to serve as a model for future dialogue between holders of Western and Islamic worldviews, in mutual pursuit of modernity’s best-case scenario. (shrink)

En este artículo se establece un análisis histórico, axiológico y epistemológico de las condiciones de advenimiento de una filosofía médica abocada al estudio de la enfermedad. El examen de estas condiciones toma en cuenta los estudios clásicos y contemporáneos de la filosofía de la medicina, analizando sus distintas perspectivas y enunciados. La reflexión en torno de los supuestos y conceptos asociados a tal tipo de filosofía, localiza la enfermedad en sus distintas dimensiones: en el ámbito del acontecimiento biológico (disease), del (...) orden social (sickness), y de la experiencia vivida (illness). Tres puntos de deliberación presentan el cuerpo nodular de estos análisis: a) la constitución disciplinaria y conceptual de la enfermedad como un hecho total: variantes epistemológicas de la medicina y la filosofía antigua; b) la psicopatología en la constitución de una filosofía de la enfermedad, el análisis epistemológico de dos conceptos: normal-patológico; y c) la filosofía de la vida de G. Canguilhem, su curso antropológico y normativo en la definición de la enfermedad. (shrink)

Drawing on philosophical pragmatism, Tamanaha formulates a framework for a realistic approach to socio-legal theory. The strengths of this approach are contrasted with that of the major schools of socio-legal theory by application to core issues in this area. Thus Tamanaha explores the problematic state of socio-legal studies, the relationship between behaviour and meaning, the notion of legal ideology, the problem of indeterminacy in rule following and application, and the structure of judicial decision making. These issues are tackled in a (...) clear and concise fashion while articulating a social theory of law that draws equally from legal theory and socio-legal theory. `This book provides a useful, and at times provocative, review of recent developments in legal theory. Because it covers considerable territory, it should be a good addition to one's professional library... there is much to commend in this book. It is well written, ably argued, and generally knowledgeable. It treats controversial topics forthrightly...an excellent review of the legal theory literature.... It should provide a worthwhile venture into familiar debates rendered from a perspective that owes allegiance to no side.' Law and Politics Book Review `by any criterion and excellent book...Tamanaha has produced a work which should feature as a core text in jurisprudence courses' Oxford Journal of Legal Studies `This is the most significant piece of work for anybody in Jurisprudence, Socio-Legal Studies, or Legal Theory' Neil MacCormick `a rich insight into almost every question legal theory has vexed itself over the past twenty-five years' Stanley Fish. (shrink)

The production of knowledge should be premised on the inclusion of all epistemologies to provide possibilities to build a more just world. However, knowledge production, as we have it today, is premised on Western epistemology which is used to distil other knowledges before they could be accepted as legitimate. This approach stifles possibilities to find different ways of knowing that could contribute to imagining the world anew. There is a need, therefore, to unthink the West such that we find other (...) ways to understand the world. The article helps in unthinking the West to allow an authentic understanding of the indigenous people of South Africa. I argue that the ontology of AmaZulu – one of the indigenous groups in South Africa – is an ethic-orientated ontology that is expressed through the concept of ukukhonza – a process where one surrenders their identity in order to belong to the group (this can also refer to worship). In ukukhonza, the surrendering of one’s identity is to ensure harmonious living centred on a common identity that is unified by the principles of ubuntu. Drawing on the nuances of ukukhonza, this article argues that the ontology of AmaZulu is centred on respecting life in its different forms because it is believed that everything is interconnected. This understanding of life provides a different conceptualisation of God which anchors the religion that is practised everyday such that doing good is inescapable. This is an ethic-oriented ontology which when brought forth in its authentic form can address the many ills of modern society.Contribution: This is the conceptual article that contributes to rethinking religion from an African perspective to provide a possibility of an ethic-centred society that can inform the new ways of being in the world. (shrink)

Cheating in higher education is a significant problem. The study aims to determine nursing students’ attitudes and opinions toward cheating in exams. The type of research is descriptive. The research data were collected in the classroom environment of 716 students in day and evening education programs. The research data were collected using socio-demographic characteristics form, and the Copying Attitude Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and variance analysis were used for data analyses. The most common method of cheating was receiving answers by (...) talking to the friend sitting next to the student. The rate of cheating was high in both the day and evening education students. The students reported that most of the cheating occurred in final exams and high-credit major courses. Learning type (day/evening education programs) is not effective in cheating. High-credit major courses have increased the fear of failing the course. The most important reason for cheating in exams was the fear of failing a course. (shrink)

The Covid‐19 pandemic highlighted the need to examine public trust in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) vaccine approval process and the role of political influence in the FDA's decisions. Ensuring that the FDA is itself trustworthy is important for justifying public trust in its actions, like vaccine approvals, thereby promoting public health. We propose five conditions of trustworthiness that the FDA should meet when it reviews vaccines, even during emergencies: consistency with rules, proper expert or political decision‐makers, proper (...) decision‐making and noninterference, connection to public preference, and transparency of both reasons and procedures. The five conditions provide a road map of procedural and substantive requirements, which the FDA has variably implemented, focused on ensuring appropriate influence of political interests. While being a trustworthy agency cannot guarantee the public's trust, implementing these conditions builds a groundwork for public trust. (shrink)

Bu makalede, Abbâsî dönemi şairlerinden İbnu’r-Rûmî’nin Abbâsî hanedanlığının bir üyesi olan Abdülmelik b. Sâlih için nazmettiği methiyesinin tematik bir incelemesinin yapılması planlanmaktadır. Bu analiz, İbnu’r-Rûmî’nin methiyesinin karmaşık katmanlarına derinlemesine bir bakış sağlamaktadır. Methiye, bilhassa Abbâsî döneminin Arap edebî geleneğinde önemli bir yeri bulunan şiirsel bir ifade biçimidir. Yapılan çalışmanın konusu, methiyedeki tematik unsurların araştırılmasına ve İbnu’r-Rûmî’nin hem övgüsel hem de eleştirel anlayışa sahip bir anlatı oluşturmak için dili ve imgeleri nasıl kullandığının ortaya çıkartılmasına dayanmaktadır. Araştırmanın kapsamı, bahis mevzu methiyenin tarihî (...) ve kültürel arka planı bağlamında anlaşılmasının sağlanmasına kadar uzanmaktadır ve Abbâsî döneminin toplumsal normlarının, değerlerinin ve beklentilerinin anlaşılmasına da ehemmiyet vermektedir. Bu yaklaşım, metnin öneminin daha derinlemesine anlaşılmasını sağlamaktadır ve salt övgünün ötesine geçerek dönemin sosyopolitik dinamikleri hakkında bir yorum sunmaktadır. Öte yandan mevcut tarihî kayıtların İbnu’r-Rûmî ile Abdülmelik b. Ṣāliḥ arasındaki ilişki hakkında çok az ayrıntı sunduğunu ve mevcut belgelerde bu konuda kapsamlı bilgi bulunmadığını vurgulamak gerekir. Bu çalışmanın önemi, klasik Arap edebiyatı alanına yaptığı katkısından, özellikle de methiyelerin bu literatür geleneğindeki rolünün ve gelişiminin anlaşılması hususundaki önceliğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. İbnu’r-Rûmî’nin eserinin analizi vasıtasıyla bu araştırma, methiye nazmının karmaşık doğasına dikkat çekmesinin yanı sıra; şair, şiirde övülen kişi ve şaire verilen maddi ödül arasındaki ilişkinin ayrıntılı şekilde anlaşılmasını da sağlamaktadır. Araştırmada benimsenen yöntem, daha derinlemesine bir anlayış kazanmak maksadıyla, manzumenin temalarını parçalara ayırmaya odaklanan yakın bir metinsel analizi içermektedir. (shrink)